Umlando wokuthuthuka kwezakhiwo zensimbi ezakhiweni eziphakeme eziphakeme

Emlandweni wokwakhiwa komuntu, izinto zemvelo ezinjengomhlaba, amatshe nezinkuni zaqala ukusetshenziswa ngabantu njengezinto zokwakha. Ngokuthuthuka kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe emphakathini wesintu, i-iron nensimbi kwakhiqizwa ngezinga elikhulu, kuletha impahla eqinile, yokusebenza okuphezulu ekwakheni, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukwakha izakhiwo ezinde neziphephile.

Imboni yensimbi nensimbi yensimbi eYurophu yathuthukisa okokuqala, futhi ngaleyo ndlela izakhiwo zensimbi nezensimbi eYurophu nazo ziyisicelo sokuqala. 1720 Europe kwaqala ukukhiqizwa okukhulu kwe-Iron yengulube, 1784 bekulokhu kukhiqizwa kwensimbi evuthiwe, lesi sikhathi saseYurophu saqala ukusebenzisa amabhuloho wokhuni, ukukhiqizwa kwensimbi yokuqala, izakhiwo zensimbi zokuqala ze-Iron Courses, i-Iron Coloum Yasesibili, ikholomu yokuqala yensimbi Isakhiwo se-Multi-Storey (1793) kanye nesakhiwo sokuqala sohlaka lwensimbi ephelele (1797) sakhiwa eBrithani.

Ukukhiqizwa kwesisindo samaphrofayili we-I-Iron eYurophu ngo-1854, okwakukhona okulula kakhulu ngezinhloso zokwakha, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwensimbi emnene ngo-1864, okwakukhona kusetshenziswa i-paris yensimbi ngo-1872, kubhekwa njengebhilidi lokuqala lezentengiso ezwenikazi laseYurophu. Lesi sakhiwo sakhiwe ngamathambo ensimbi, ngemishayo namakholomu axhumeke ngokuqinile futhi anamathele ekubekezeleleni imithwalo yomoya, uhlelo lwesakhiwo olusasetshenziswa kakhulu ezakhiweni zensimbi ezinezindaba eziningi eziningi.

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Isakhiwo se-Iron Colum engeniswe e-United States ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, ngokusheshisa kwenqubo yokufuduka kwabantu e-United States, izakhiwo zensimbi eziphakeme e-United States kuya ekuthuthukisweni okusheshayo kwe-United States. 1885 E-United States of America e-Chicago kwaqedwa kulokho okubhekwa njengesakhiwo sokuqala sensimbi ephezulu kakhulu - isitebhisi esingu-10, isakhiwo esiphakeme sasekhaya esiphakeme (isibalo 1-2). Lesi sakhiwo sisebenzisa imishayo yensimbi kanye nesakhiwo se-iron colounds Frame, udonga lwezitini lwangaphandle lusadonga oluthwala umthwalo. I-9-Letter, 37-Meterre-High-High Marial Daily Daily, eyakhelwe eChicago ngo-1889, yasebenzisa ifreyimu yensimbi yonke, ukuqeda izindonga ezithwala umthwalo, futhi empeleni kwakuyindawo yokuqala yohlaka lwensimbi ephezulu kakhulu.

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Kukhulu lama-20, ngokuthuthuka kwendlela yokwakhiwa kwesakhiwo sensimbi, isakhiwo sesakhiwo sensimbi e-United States safaka inkathi ye- "Skyscraper" Era. 1900 Eduze kokuphothulwa kwesakhiwo sezinwele ezinezitezi ezingama-36 zepaki eNew York, kwakuyisakhiwo eside kakhulu emhlabeni ngaleso sikhathi. Ngo-1907 eNew York uqedele isakhiwo somculi, kuphakama i-47-level 187M ukuphakama kwephiramidi lesimanjemanje lomhlaba kune-Egy Persian amade aphakeme kakhulu. Ngo-1918, iNew York igcwalise lelo ndaba engama-60, isakhiwo esingamamitha angama-242 ubude, isakhiwo eside kunazo zonke emhlabeni ngaleso sikhathi. Futhi ngo-1931 eNew York kuqeda isakhiwo se-102-High Portime Port Build (Umdwebo 1-3), iyingqophamlando emhlabeni wezakhiwo eziphakeme kakhulu, lesi sakhiwo ukuze silondoloze amarekhodi aphezulu kakhulu wokwakha umhlaba iminyaka engama-40.

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Ngo-1965, uDkt Fazlur Rahman Khan, onjiniyela obaziwayo wesakhiwo se-SOM (Skidmore, oylings kanye ne-merreiturational filerm arch arch e-U.S. Isikhungo Sokuhwebelana Kwamazwe Kazwelonke (Umdwebo ongu-1-4) kanye ne-Sears Tower (Umdwebo 1-5). Ngokusekelwe kulo mqondo omusha wesakhiwo kanye nokuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kwamakhekhemevu wesakhiwo se-1960, i-United States ihlele futhi yakha izakhiwo eziphakeme kakhulu ze-cylindrical (Table 1-4) kanye ne-Sears tower (Fig. 1-5).

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Ngaphezu kwe-United States, iJapan yizwe elinezindawo eziphakeme kakhulu zensimbi, isizathu salokho, ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphezu kwemboni yensimbi ethuthukiswe kahle nemboni yensimbi, kunesinye isizathu esibalulekile sokubheka ukumelana nokuzamazama komhlaba. Ngenxa yokuthi iJapan iyizwe elihlanza ukuzamazama komhlaba, kwaze kwaba ngo-1963 ikhodi yokwakha yaseJapan ibukezelwa kuphela isakhiwo esingavunyelwe ukwedlula ukunikezwa okuphezulu kwama-31. Ku-Seismic, umlilo, umoya kanye nezinye izingqinamba zesayensi nezobuchwepheshe ngochungechunge oluphambili lokucwaninga, iJapan ngonyaka we-1964 imemezele ukulinganiselwa okuphezulu kokwakha, kuqedwe ngo-1965-storuc advelity ark-adjiwa eTokyo, iTokyo, i-New Otani Hotel. Kusukela lapho, izakhiwo eziphakeme zensimbi eJapan kube ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kwesakhiwo esingu-36 - i-Time Kasumigaseki eyakhiwe ngo-1968 njengophawu, iJapan yangena ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa kwesakhiwo esiphakeme kakhulu. Ngawo-1980s, inani eliphelele lezakhiwo eziphakeme zensimbi eJapan lalingeyesibili kuphela kulokho kwesakhiwo se-U.S, ukuthuthukiswa kwesakhiwo sensimbi, njll. Njengamanje, iningi lezakhiwo ezintsha eziphakeme eziphakeme ngenhla kwamaphansi angama-20 eJapan amukele ukwakheka kwensimbi.

I-United Kingdom iyingxenye ephezulu kakhulu yezakhiwo zokwakheka zensimbi eYurophu, ngokusho kwale ndawo, cishe ama-50% ezakhiwo ezise-United Kingdom asebenzisa isakhiwo sensimbi ephakeme yokwakheka okuhlukahlukene kwezakhiwo. Ukusetshenziswa okujwayelekile kwesakhiwo sensimbi ezakhiweni eziphakeme e-UK kuhlomule ngokuxhaswa kwesikhathi eside kanye nokutshala imali kwensimbi yaseBrithani (ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukuze ube yi-corus) ocwaningweni lwethiyori, ukuthuthukiswa kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nemfundo yesakhiwo sensimbi.

I-Southeast Asia iyi-latecomer yokuthuthuka komnotho wezwe, izakhiwo eziphakeme kakhulu zaqala ukwakhiwa ngamanani amakhulu kulesi sifunda ngemuva kweminyaka yama-1970s, kepha iningi lazo liqiniswa izinhlaka zokhonkolo. Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kokungena ngo-1990s, ukusetshenziswa kwesakhiwo sensimbi ezakhiweni eziphakeme kakhulu sekuyinto evame kakhulu, futhi inani lezakhiwo zezinhlaka zensimbi eziphakeme ngonyaka ka-1988 (Fig. 1,,,, 1997 (Fig. 1-7).

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Kanye nesakhiwo esinezitezi eziyi-101, esiphakeme sama-508m-High

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Ngenxa yezizathu zobuchwepheshe nezomnotho, kwakhiwe izakhiwo eziphakeme zensimbi eChina kusukela maphakathi nawo-1980s. Kusukela lapho, ngokuguqulwa kweChina nokuvulela kanye nentuthuko yezomnotho, izakhiwo eziningi zokwakheka zensimbi eziphakeme eShanghai, eShenyang, eTianjin, njll. I-421m-High Jin Mao tower (Fig. 1-9), njengamanje isakhiwo eside kunazo zonke e-Mainland China, sibhalwe njengokwesithathu emhlabeni. Ngo-1998, kwakhiwa i-88 lemitha engama-421-Meter-High Jinmao Tower (Umdwebo ongu-1