Ukuhlaziywa Kwezimakethe Zesimo Sezimbobo Zensimbi

Ukuchazwa kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwesakhiwo sensimbi

Isakhiwo sensimbi siyindlela yokwakha isakhiwo esakhayo esenziwe ngamapuleti ensimbi, izingxenye zensimbi, amapayipi ensimbi, izintambo zensimbi nezinye izinto zensimbi, ezixhunywe ngama-welds, ama-bolts noma ama-rivets. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo zesakhiwo ezifana nesakhiwo sokhonkolo esiqinisiwe, ama-masonry kanye nezinye izakhiwo zama-masonry, ukwakheka kwensimbi akugcini nje ngokuba nezinzuzo zamandla aphezulu, futhi kufanelekile ukucubungula okuhle, isikhathi esiphakeme sokwakhiwa. Izinto ezimbalwa ezinjengesimende, isihlabathi kanye namatshe amatshe asetshenzisiwe, izinkinga zokungcoliswa kwemvelo ezinjengothuli, imfucuza yokwakha nomsindo kuncishiswe kakhulu, okuhambisana nezidingo zentuthuko esimeme.

Njengenye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu zesakhiwo sokwakha, isakhiwo sensimbi sisetshenziswa kabanzi ekwakheni izindlu, imishini, amandla, izikhungo zikaMasipala kanye nezinye izimboni. Ayikho indinganiso efanayo yendlela yokuhlukaniswa yesakhiwo sensimbi, futhi ingahlukaniswa ngesakhiwo sensimbi yensimbi (i-Fawer Press Vessure Steel, isakhiwo sensimbi esindayo, isakhiwo sensimbi esisezingeni eliphakeme, isakhiwo sensimbi ekhanyayo, indawo yokuhlala ekhanyayo, indawo yokuhlala yensimbi, njll.), Isakhiwo sensimbi yensimbi, isakhiwo sensimbi yesikhala, isakhiwo sensimbi yebhuloho, isakhiwo sensimbi yesikhala, njll.

1. Imakethe yensimbi yensimbi yensimbi

Isakhiwo sensimbi yensimbi iyigatsha elibalulekile lemboni yokukhiqiza imishini esindayo, kanye nejubane lokuthuthuka kwesakhiwo sensimbi semishini lihlobene eduze nejubane lokuthuthukiswa kwezimboni. Isakhiwo sensimbi yensimbi sinezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene nezinhlelo, ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ezakhiweni ezikhethekile, ama-racks we-special kanye neminye imibhoshongo ye-boiler (amapayipi e-oyili, imishini ye-ocer, imishini yamakhemikhali) ensimini yezimboni.

Izinga lokukhula kwenani lezezimali lezezimali lezimboni lizinzile, futhi kulindeleke ukuthi ukufunwa kwemakethe yesikhathi esizayo kwesakhiwo sensimbi esizinzile kuzogcina isikhala sokuthuthuka esizinzile, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwesakhiwo sensimbi esisetshenziselwe ukuqhubeka nokukhula njengoba ukuqashelwa kwensimbi yensimbi kulindeleke ukuthi kukhule. Ngokwanda kwesilinganiso sokutshala kwezimboni ezisafufusa amasu ezifana "nengqalasizinda entsha", ukwakhiwa kwesiteshi esiphakeme samandla aphezulu kanye ne-5G Base Station okubandakanya ukufunwa kwensimbi kwezokwakheka. Esikhathini esiphakathi nesikhathi eside, inqubomgomo emnandi ivule indawo enkulu yokukhula, futhi izinga lokukhula kwengqalasizinda lingafaka isikhathi esiphakeme sepulatifomu. Ukusuka ezinqubomgomo ezifanele, ngakolunye uhlangothi, uhlangothi lokuvuselelwa kokuvuselelwa komhlaba kanye ne-capital, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ohlangothini lwesu lezwe lokuqinisekisa ukufunwa kwengqalasizinda.

2. Imakethe yezokwakhiwa enzima yensimbi

Kusukela ekupheleni kuka-2018, bekukhona izakhiwo eziphakeme ezingama-117 eziphakeme kakhulu ngaphezulu kwe-250m ezakhiwa eChina. Izakhiwo eziphakeme ze-Ultra-High-Rise ezakhiwa zazigxile kakhulu ku-250 ~ 300m no-300 ~ 400m, zinezakhiwo ezingama-58 (46%) ngokulandelana. Izinto ezisetshenziswayo ezakhiweni ze-Super High-Rise ziyizinhlaka ezihlanganisiwe zensimbi, ezingokwezakhiwo ezingama-229 (75%), futhi kunezinhlaka zensimbi ezi-17 ezingenhla kwe-250 m, accounting cishe ngo-6%.

Emazweni angaphandle, ama-akhawunti wensimbi angu-akhawunti angaphezu kwama-85% ezakhiwo ngaphezulu kwama-200 m. I-United States neJapan yimazwe amukela isakhiwo sensimbi kunazo zonke ezakhiweni eziphakeme kakhulu. Ukwakhiwa kwamadolobhana kwasemadolobheni aseChina kunesikhala esithe xaxa (kusuka ekuhlangenwe nakho kwentuthuko kwamanye amazwe emhlabeni, ngemuva kokuthi i-CAPITA GDP ngayinye ifinyelela kuma-6,000 amadola ase-US kanye ne-10 kuye kwayi-15 yesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa kwentuthuko yasemadolobheni). Ngesikhathi seminyaka eyi-14 yesehlakalo seminyaka emihlanu, ukufuduka kwabantu emadolobheni aseChina kuzokweseka kangcono isidingo sokwakheka kwensimbi okuphezulu kwezakhiwo zomphakathi zasemadolobheni.

3. Ukwakha imakethe yesakhiwo sensimbi ekhanyayo

Isakhiwo sensimbi ekhanyayo sisetshenziswa ikakhulukazi ezakhiweni zezitshalo zezimboni, ukuhlala kwesakhiwo sensimbi nokunye. Ijubane lokuthuthuka lezimboni zezitshalo lihlobene kakhulu nesilinganiso sokuthuthukiswa kwezimboni. Ukuthuthukiswa komnotho kazwelonke kweChina kusekelwa, ukukhula okuzinzile kwesimo esihle ngokuqiniseka, ukusetshenziswa kwesakhiwo sensimbi emkhakheni wezimboni zezimboni kuzogcina umkhuba wokukhula okuqhubekayo.

Ngokwendawo yokuhlala yensimbi, izwe lethu likude kakhulu nezinga lamazwe athuthukile. Uhlelo lokuhlala lwensimbi oluphansi lwangaphandle lwe-light-light lensimbi seluvuthiwe ngokwengeziwe, i-United States, iJapan, i-Australia namanye amazwe akhiwe ngentengo yensimbi ephansi, isabelo sensimbi ephansi, enye indawo ye-15%, ezinye izindawo zaseYurophu nazo, ezinye izindawo zaseYurophu ziye zamukele indawo yokuhlala yezolimo lensimbi.

Isakhiwo sensimbi ye-China sisetshenziswe kabanzi emkhakheni we-Super-High-Suright, isakhiwo esikhulu sendawo esisezingeni eliphezulu kanye nesitshalo sezimboni, kanye ne-steel yesakhiwo se-theory, izinkambiso namazinga, nobuchwepheshe bokwakha nabo buvuthiwe kakhulu. Ngokusheshisa kwenqubo yentuthuko yokuthuthuka kwezimboni zokwakha kanye nokwakhiwa kwesakhiwo sensimbi, kanye nokwakhiwa kwesakhiwo sensimbi okuqoqiwe kuzongena esigabeni sokusheshisa okuphelele, futhi isakhiwo esihlangene sensimbi eqoqiwe sizoba nohlelo olubanzi nethemba lokuthuthuka. Ngo-2020, imisebenzi emibili emikhulu eyisishiyagalolunye eye yathunyelwa eMsebenzini Kazwelonke Wezezindlu kanye noMsebenzi Wokwakhiwa Kwasemakhaya ahlanganisa izindlu ezihlanganisiwe zensimbi. Ngokombono wezinga lokushiswa kwabantu emadolobheni, ngokuya ngamanani wamanje wokufuduka ka-60%, indawo yokwakha entsha yaseChina isenethuba elithile lokuthuthuka. Ngokwemisebenzi esemqoka yokwakhiwa kwe-Urkwation Ert ngo-2019 ekhishwe ngo-2019, umbuso udinga ukukhushulwa okujulile kweCity Cluster Development, nge-Beijing-Tianjin-Henged, iTuangtze River Celta kanye nelinye iqembu elikhulu ledolobha elikhulu elishiwo ngasikhathi sinye. Sikholwa ukuthi ukwakhiwa kwamaqembu edolobha eliphakathi nendawo kuzoshayela ingqalasizinda kanye nokutshalwa kwezindawo ezizakhiweni kuzo zonke izifunda zezwe endaweni ephakathi nendawo. Kanye nokwanda okwengeziwe kwezinga lokufuduka, indawo yemakethe yezindlu zesakhiwo sensimbi izokwandiswa futhi.

Imakethe yesakhiwo sensimbi yebhuloho

Imakethe yezokuhamba yomgwaqo inesidingo esikhulu sesakhiwo sensimbi emkhakheni we-Railroad, umgwaqo omkhulu, ukuthutha amadolobha kanye nebhuloho. Ukwakhiwa kwesitimela esisheshayo esiphakeme kudinga ukumelana nomthelela omkhulu kanye nokuvelela okuphezulu kwe-Roadbod, futhi muva nje, iningi lezitimela ezisanda kukhiwa ngejubane elikhulu eChina ziye zamukele ukwakheka okuphakeme kanye nesakhiwo esikhulu samabhuloho aphakanyisiwe. Ngokusheshisa kwenqubo yokungenisa yasemadolobheni yaseChina, amadolobha amakhulu ezwe aseqalile umjikelezo omusha wokwakhiwa kwengqalasizinda, okudinga ukwakhiwa kwenani elikhulu lokungezelela, ama-viaducts, amabhuloho amanzi, ukuhamba kwezinyawo.

Ukutshalwa kwezimali kweChina emkhakheni wengqalasizinda yezokuhamba njengezitimela, imigwaqo emikhulu, amabhuloho, njll. Uzonikeza umfutho omkhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwesakhiwo sensimbi yebhuloho, kanye nesidingo semakethe yensimbi elisanda kukhula. Ngokusho koMnyango Wezokuvakasha Nezokuvakasha Nezokuvakasha kanye nezindlela zokuhamba ze-2011 - 2019 Amakhilomitha, imayela eliqongelayo lomgwaqo omkhulu lifinyelelwe amakhilomitha ayi-149,600. Inani lamabhuloho amakhulu akhuphuke lisuka ku-689 400 ngonyaka ka-2011 liye ku-878,000 ngonyaka ka-2019; Phakathi kwazo, amabhuloho e-Mega akhuphuke ukusuka ku-2 371 ngonyaka ka-2011 kuya ku-5 716 ngonyaka we-2019, ukukhuphuka kwe-144.2%. Ngokwezitimela, ukwakhiwa kwesitimela saseChina kungene esigabeni sokuthuthuka okusheshayo kwezitimela ezinejubane elikhulu kusukela kwakhiwa "ama-Magitudinal amane avundlile" ama-Intercity Adverenger Translootion Transports aqala ngokulandelana. Amaphrojekthi wengqalasizinda wezitimela eziphakeme kakhulu asebenzisa amabhuloho ensimbi aphakanyisiwe njengesisekelo somgwaqo, kanye nokutshalwa kwemali kwingqalasizinda yesitimela nakho kuvame ukukhetha amaphrojekthi webhuloho lensimbi.

Imakethe yeSteel Yensimbi

Isakhiwo sensimbi yendawo sisetshenziswa ikakhulukazi ezindaweni eziningi ezinkulu, kufaka phakathi izinkundla zemidlalo, amahholo okubonisa, amahholo engqungquthela, izikhungo zomsebenzi, ama-terminals wezindiza, iziteshi nezinye izakhiwo ezinkulu zomphakathi. Insimbi kulula ukubona izakhiwo zendawo eziqhubekayo eziqhubekayo kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwesisindo ngenxa yokuzikhanyisa okukhanyayo, amandla aphezulu, okunikeza ukwakheka kwezezikhundla ze-Alena (i-FRC) Ngo-260 ngo-2020, nokuthi lesi sibalo sizothuthukisa amaqoqo ayisithupha esikhumulweni sezindiza eNyakatho China, empumalanga China, e-East China, eChina eChina nasenyakatho-CHINE; Ngo-2025, kuzobekwa izikhumulo zezindiza ezintsha ezi-136 ngesisekelo sezindiza ezikhona (kufaka phakathi nezindiza ezazizokwakhiwa), futhi ukwakheka okuhleliwe kwezikhumulo zezindiza ezweni lonke kuzoba ngu-370 (ngezikhumulo zezindiza ezingaba ngu-320 ezihlelelwe ukwakhiwa). Kulindelwe ukuthi ngesikhathi "HE 18Ling Plan New New", izwe lizoqinisa ukwakhiwa kwengqalasizinda enjengezindiza, okuzothuthukisa isidingo sezinhlaka zensimbi.

Ngokuya kwezibhedlela, izikole nezinye izakhiwo zomphakathi, ngoSepthemba 2020, uMnyango Wezezindlu nokwakhiwa neminye iminyango ekhipha izibhedlela, nezindawo eziningi zethule izinqubomgomo ezifanele, ezinjengeBeijing ukukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwesakhiwo sensimbi ku Izikole, izibhedlela, izindawo zokuzivocavoca, izitolo ezinkulu zezitolo, izakhiwo zehhovisi, nezinye izakhiwo zomphakathi, ukukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwesakhiwo sensimbi. Isibonelo, iBeijing ikhuthaza izikole, izibhedlela, izindawo zokuzivocavoca, izitolo ezinkulu, izakhiwo zehhovisi nezinye izakhiwo zomphakathi ezintsha zokusebenzisa indawo yesakhiwo esisha esisezingeni eliphakeme esinezinhlaka eziyi-10,000 zamamitha skwele (okubandakanya) noma ngaphezulu kufanele kusetshenziswe ezakhiweni zokwakheka zensimbi.